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J G Johnston Ltd.

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31 Saint Marys Chare
Hexham
Northumberland
NE46 1NQ


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J G Johnston Ltd. Details:

Painting And Glazing

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j

J originated as a swash character to end some Roman numerals in place of i. There was an emerging distinctive use in Middle High German. Gian Giorgio Trissino was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana of 1524. Originally, both I and J repesented ; but Romance languages developed new sounds that came to be represented as I and J; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ .

g

The letter G was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ‹c› to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /k/. The recorded originator of ‹g› is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, who taught around 230 BC. At this time ‹k› had fallen out of favor, and ‹c›, which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come to express /k/ in all environments.

Ruga''s positioning of ‹g› shows that alphabetic order, related to the letters'' values as Greek numerals, was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. Sampson suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter could be added in the middle only if a ''space'' was created by the dropping of an old letter." According to some records, the original seventh letter, ‹z›, had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found it distasteful and foreign.

Eventually, both velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels, leading to the situation today''s Romance languages where, ‹c› and ‹g› have different sound values depending on context. Because of French influence, English also has this feature in its orthography.

johnston

This interesting name of Johnston is of Scottish locational origin, from the lands thus called in Annandale, Dumfriesshire. The founder of the family, bearing the forename, Jonis, is believed to have followed his overlords from Yorkshire circa 1174 and was granted the lands to which he gave his name. The second element is the medieval English "tone" or "toun", from the Olde English pre 7th Century "tun", a settlement, hence, "Johnston", later "Johnston" or "Johnstone". His son, Gilbert, was the first to adopt the territorial surname (see below). Johan de Joneston, a knight of Dunfrys, rendered homage to John Balliol in 1296. In some cases the name is locational from the city of Perth, formerly recorded as (St.) Johnston, or from the lands of Jonystoun, an estate in the parish of Humbie, East Lothian. Interesting namebearers include Archibald Johnston (1610 - 1663) Lord Warriston, a Scottish statesman who was a member of Oliver and Richard Cromwell''s House of Lords; Samuel Johnston (1733 - 1816) governor of North Carolina, 1788, U.S. Senator 1789 - 1793, and judge of the Supreme Court, 1800 - 1803; and Sir Alexander Johnston (1775 - 1849) advocate-general of Ceylon in 1799. On June 2nd 1718, Christopher Johnston married Helen Murray in Langholm, Dumfries. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Gilbertus de Jonistune, which was dated circa 1195, charter witness in the "Annandale Family Book of the Johnstones" by Sir William Fraser, during the reign of King William, known as "The Lion of Scotland", 1166 - 1214.