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J D Crawford & Co Ltd

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Plenmeller Garage
Plenmeller
Haltwhistle, Northumberland
NE49 0HW


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j

J originated as a swash character to end some Roman numerals in place of i. There was an emerging distinctive use in Middle High German. Gian Giorgio Trissino was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana of 1524. Originally, both I and J repesented ; but Romance languages developed new sounds that came to be represented as I and J; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ .

d

The Semitic letter Dβlet probably developed from the logogram for a fish or a door. There are various Egyptian hieroglyphs that might have inspired this. In Semitic, Ancient Greek, and Latin, the letter represented /d/; in the Etruscan alphabet the letter was superfluous but still retained . The equivalent Greek letter is Delta, ‹Δ›.

The minuscule form of ‹d› consists of a loop and a tall vertical stroke. It developed by gradual variations on the majuscule form. In handwriting, it was common to start the arc to the left of the vertical stroke, resulting in a serif at the top of the arc. This serif was extended while the rest of the letter was reduced, resulting in an angled stroke and loop. The angled stroke slowly developed into a vertical stroke. In most languages using the Latin alphabet, ‹d› represents the voiced alveolar plosive /d/, but in the Vietnamese alphabet it represents the sound /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south. In Fijian it represents a prenasalized stop /nd/. In some languages where voiceless unaspirated stops contrast with voiceless aspirated stops, ‹d› represents an unaspirated /t/, while ‹t› represents an aspirated /tʰ/. Examples of such languages include Icelandic, Scottish Gaelic, Navajo, and the Pinyin transliteration of Mandarin.



crawford

This famous Scottish surname, found as Crawford, Crawfurd and Crauford, is locational in origin, from the old Barony of Crawford in the Upper ward of Lanarkshire, and is one of the earliest recorded Scottish surnames (see below). The placename is of Anglo-Saxon origin, meaning "crow''s ford", derived from the Olde English pre 7th Century nickname "crawa", from "crawa", crow, with "ford", ford; there are places in the English counties of Dorsetshire and Lancashire which have the same name and meaning. Sir Reginald de Crauford was sheriff of Ayr during the region of William the Lion, King of Scotland 1165 - 1214, and one Roger de Crawford witnessed Eustace de Balliol''s charter to Holyrood in 1262. An interesting bearer of the name was Thomas Crawford (1530 - 1603), who became one of Lord Darnley''s supporters and attempted to bring his murderer''s to justice. Crawford received the surrender of Edinburgh Castle in 1573, and his services were rewarded with a grant of lands at Dalry in 1578. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of John de Crauford (charter witness), which was dated circa 1147, in the "Records of the Abbey of Kelso", during the reign of King David 1 of Scotland, 1124 - 1153.

co

Company.
Corporate law is the law of the most dominant kind of business enterprise in the modern world. Corporate law is the study of how shareholders, directors, employees, creditors, and other stakeholders such as consumers, the community and the environment interact with one another under the internal rules of the firm.

Corporate law is a part of a broader companies law . Other types of business associations can include partnerships , or trusts or companies limited by guarantee . Corporate law is about big business, which has separate legal personality, with limited liability or unlimited liability for its members or shareholders, who buy and sell their stocks depending on the performance of the board of directors. It deals with the firms that are incorporated or registered under the corporate or company law of a sovereign state or their subnational states. The four defining characteristics of the modern corporation are:

ltd

1. confined within limits; restricted or circumscribed: limited space; limited resource.
2. restricted with reference to governing powers by limitations prescribed in laws and in a constitution: a limited monarch.
3. characterized by the inability to think imaginatively or independently; lacking originality or scope; narrow: its is rather limited intelligence.
Ltd. or Ltd, is a business incorporated under the laws of England, Wales, Scotland, certain Commonwealth countries, the Republic of Ireland, Cyprus and Israel.
Limited company
Private company limited by shares
Long-term debt, also long-term liabilities, a position of the balance sheet
Long Term Disability, replacement benefits for employees who are not able to work, see Work-life balance , section Short- and long-term disability
LTD, the NYSE symbol for Limited Brands, Inc.
L.T.D. is an American R&B/funk band best known for their 1977 hit single.
L.T.D. , was formed in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1968, when Arthur "Lorenzo" Carnegie , Jake Riley Carle Wayne Vickers and Abraham "Onion" Miller , who had been working as members of the 15 piece "Fantastic Soul Men Orchestra" backing the ever popular duo of Sam & Dave, along with Jimmy "J.D." Davis , formed their own band named Love Men Ltd.

haltwhistle

Haltwhistle is a small town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, situated 10 miles (16 km) east of Brampton, near Hadrian''s Wall, and the villages of Plenmeller, Rowfoot and Melkridge. It has a population of 3,811.

Well constructed, stone-built houses are still a feature of central Haltwhistle, and though there are none outstanding architecturally the general appearance of the groups is harmonious. The houses were built of local stone, but with the railway, other materials could be brought in.
Haltwhistle was probably in existence in Roman times, as it is one of the closest approaches of the River South Tyne in its upland reaches to Hadrian''s Wall. The old Roman road or Stanegate passes just two miles to the north of the town.

The development of the town was based on its position on the main Newcastle to Carlisle road and on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway line.

The expansion of Haltwhistle in the 18th and 19th centuries was due to coal mining in the area and to a lesser extent the use of Haltwhistle as a loading point for metal ores coming from the mines on Alston Moor. In 1836 while some workmen were quarrying stone for the Directors of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, on the top of Boreum, a high hill in the township of Thorngrafton and Parish of Haltwhistle, one of them found a copper vessel containing 63 coins, 3 of them gold and 60 copper. The gold coins were, one of Claudius Caesar, reverse Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus; one of Nero and one of Vespasian.

The town is served by Haltwhistle railway station on the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway, also known as the Tyne Valley Line. The line was opened in 1838, and links the city of Newcastle upon Tyne in Tyne and Wear with Carlisle in Cumbria. The line follows the course of the River Tyne through Northumberland.

Passenger services on the Tyne Valley Line are operated by Northern Rail and First ScotRail. The line is also heavily used for freight. The railway station is on the south side of the town close by the River South Tyne.

Until 1976 the railway station was also the northern terminus of the branch line to Alston, in Cumbria, the line was thirteen miles in length. Part of the southern end of the Haltwhistle to Alston line has been reopened as a two foot narrow gauge railway, known as the South Tynedale Railway, between Alston and Kirkhaugh.

Road
The A69 trunk road which links Carlisle and Newcastle on Tyne formerly passed south of the town centre and through the western part of the town until a full bypass was opened in 1997.