G & K Bulmer Ltd.

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Information about words in this company name or address

g

The letter G was introduced in the Old Latin period as a variant of ‹c› to distinguish voiced /ɡ/ from voiceless /k/. The recorded originator of ‹g› is freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga, the first Roman to open a fee-paying school, who taught around 230 BC. At this time ‹k› had fallen out of favor, and ‹c›, which had formerly represented both /ɡ/ and /k/ before open vowels, had come to express /k/ in all environments.

Ruga''s positioning of ‹g› shows that alphabetic order, related to the letters'' values as Greek numerals, was a concern even in the 3rd century BC. Sampson suggests that: "Evidently the order of the alphabet was felt to be such a concrete thing that a new letter could be added in the middle only if a ''space'' was created by the dropping of an old letter." According to some records, the original seventh letter, ‹z›, had been purged from the Latin alphabet somewhat earlier in the 3rd century BC by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, who found it distasteful and foreign.

Eventually, both velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/ developed palatalized allophones before front vowels, leading to the situation today''s Romance languages where, ‹c› and ‹g› have different sound values depending on context. Because of French influence, English also has this feature in its orthography.

k

The letter K comes from the Greek letter K , which was taken from the Semitic kap, the symbol for an open hand. This in turn was likely adapted by Semites who had lived in Egypt from the hieroglyph for "hand" representing D in the Egyptian word for hand, d-r-t. The Semites evidently assigned it the sound value /k/ instead, because their word for hand started with that sound. In modern-day English slang, the word "k" is used as a substitute for the abbreviation "O.K.", or "Okay."

In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K and Q were all used to represent the sounds /k/ and /g/ . Of these, Q was used to represent /k/ or /g/ before a rounded vowel, K before /a/, and C elsewhere. Later, the use of C replaced most usages of K and Q. K survived only in a few fossilized forms such as Kalendae, "the calends".

When Greek words were taken into Latin, the Kappa was changed to C, with a few exceptions such as the praenomen Kaeso. Some words from other alphabets were also transliterated into C. Hence, the Romance languages have K only in words from other language groups. The Celtic languages also chose C over K, and this influence carried over into Old English. Today, English is the only Germanic language to productively use hard C in addition to K .

bulmer

This is an English locational name Bulmer, originating in either one of the two places so called in Essex and in North Yorkshire. Both places have the same meaning, being from the Old English pre 7th century ''bula'' meaning bull, and ''mere'' meaning lake, although Bulmer in Essex is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as ''Bulenemara'', and Bulmer in Yorkshire as ''Bolemere''. Locational names were usually given to the lord of the manor, to the local inhabitants, and especially to those people who moved away from their original homes to live or work in another village or town. One Richard Leyle married Margaret Bulmer (widow) in London in 1576. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of John de Bulmer. which was dated 1273 Hundred Rolls of Leicestershire. during the reign of King Edward I ''The Hammer of the Scots'' 1272-1307.

south shields

South Shields is a coastal town in Tyne and Wear, England, located at the mouth of the River Tyne to Tyne Dock, and about 4.84 miles downstream from Newcastle upon Tyne. The town has a population of 82,854, and is part of the metropolitan borough of South Tyneside, which includes the riverside towns of Jarrow and Hebburn and the villages of Boldon, Cleadon and Whitburn. South Shields is situated in a peninsula setting, where the River Tyne meets the North Sea. It has six miles of coastline and three miles of river frontage, dominated by the massive piers at the mouth of the Tyne. These are best viewed from the Lawe Top, which also houses two replicas of cannon captured from the Russians during the Crimean War, the originals having been melted during World War Two.

The town slopes gently from the Cleadon Hills down to the river. The Cleadon Hills are made conspicuous by the Victorian water pumping station and a now derelict windmill which can be seen from many miles away and also out at sea.